In response to the greater demand for cheap agricultural labor brought on by European colonization of the New World, large numbers of slaves were imported from which of the following regions?
Possible Answers:Sub Saharan East Africa
Sub Saharan West Africa
Correct answer:Sub Saharan West Africa
Explanation :During the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries, West Africa was the primary region from which Europeans acquired the large numbers of slaves used for agricultural labor throughout the Western Hemisphere. Though some slaves were also acquired from East Africa, far fewer were sent to the New World.
Which of the following statements about slavery in the Renaissance is true?
Possible Answers:Slavery was a new economic and cultural development native to the Renaissance era
Most Italian city-states legally mandated ethical treatment of slaves by their owners
The most common type of slavery was plantation slavery
The mass casualties caused by the Black Death increased the demand for slave labor
Correct answer:The mass casualties caused by the Black Death increased the demand for slave labor
Explanation :Sadly, the Renaissance era’s humanistic philosophy did not extend to the institution of slavery. Europe had a long slave-holding tradition, stretching back to the mass slave markets run by Viking warriors to the ancient Roman and Greek practices of selling prisoners of war. Enslaved individuals came from many ethnic groups across Europe, Asia, and Africa – including Greeks, Russians, Persians, Tatars, Irish, Africans, and Serbs. This practice continued unabated through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, especially in cases of warfare, where it was established practice for the victorious army to seize captives from the both military and civilian populations to sell in various slave markets. The wholesale devastation of the Black Death heightened the popularity of slavery among Europeans even further, as the demand for laborers rose in the wake of all the plague’s mass casualties. The most common form of slavery was domestically based, in which slaves lived, worked, and served in a household, performing various duties such as cooking, cleaning, farming, and caring for livestock. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance saw the development of plantation style slavery, in which groups of slaves were used in tandem to grow sugarcane on the various Mediterranean islands. In most cultures, including the birthplace of the Renaissance itself, slaves had no legal standing or protection under the law whatsoever; their owners were free to treat their slaves however they pleased, largely without fear of reprisal from any government figures or religious institutions.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the countries and regions in Central and Eastern Europe were less economically advanced and less prosperous than their Western European counterparts. Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons for this inequity?
Possible Answers:Fewer serfs to work the land
No overseas territorial holdings
An economic system based mostly on agriculture
Infrequent and inefficient overseas trade
Frequent and disruptive local military conflicts
Correct answer:Fewer serfs to work the land
Explanation :During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Central and Eastern Europe was not nearly as economically prosperous or as advanced as Western Europe. This unfortunate situation was due to a combination of several factors. First of all, the region’s economic system was overwhelmingly based on agriculture; manufacturing, artisanship, and other rising capitalist endeavors hadn’t taken hold here. While Western Europe was seeing rapid urban growth and expansion, Central and Eastern Europe had very few cities. In fact, most of the land in the region was made up of large estates, with an even larger population of serfs who spent their entire lives working the land. This sort of economic setup didn’t allow for any empire building, so while Spain, England, and France were seizing land in the New World, Central and Eastern European leaders couldn’t even consider such a possibility. As for overseas trade, this region hardly engaged in the practice either, which further impoverished and isolated the area. An additional history of local military disputes, conflicts, and disregard for authority prevented any notable measures of economic reform and/or stability from taking hold.
The Encomienda System was established by __________ .
Possible Answers:Spain in the Pacific Islands and southeast Asia
Spain in Latin America and the Caribbean
Portugal in Brazil and the African coast
Spain in the Iberian peninsula
Portugal in Ceylon and the Indian coast
Correct answer:Spain in Latin America and the Caribbean
Explanation :The Encomienda System was established by Spanish colonists in Latin America and the Caribbean. It was an economic and political system that allowed for the effective enslavement of the native population.
The system of indentured labor was most common in __________ .
Possible Answers:plantations in North America
mines in South America
mines in North America
plantations in the Caribbean
plantations in South America
Correct answer:plantations in North America
Explanation :Indentured labor, or indentured servitude, was most common in plantations in North America. Indentured servitude was a common way for poor Europeans to emigrate to the Americas. In exchange for an agreed upon period of labor, often three to seven years, a wealthy plantation owner would fund the passage of the worker to the New World. After working for the wealthy plantation owner for a number of years the worker would be able to set up a free life for himself in the Americas.
The Encomienda System was often vehemently opposed by __________ in the Spanish Empire.
Possible Answers:merchants and investors
soldiers and sailors
the monarchy and the aristocracy
Correct answer: Explanation :The Encomienda System was often vehemently opposed by Christian missionaries in the Spanish colonial empire who were appalled by the excesses and abuses of Spanish rule. Dominican and Franciscan friars were occasionally outspoken in their criticism of the realities of the Encomienda System.
Slaves that arrived in the Caribbean __________ .
Possible Answers:generally worked on cotton plantations and were treated better than on mainland America
generally worked in silver mines and were treated better than on mainland America
generally worked on cotton plantations and were treated worse than on mainland America
generally worked on sugar plantations and were treated better than on mainland America
generally worked on sugar plantations and were treated worse than on mainland America
Correct answer:generally worked on sugar plantations and were treated worse than on mainland America
Explanation :The conditions of slaves in the Caribbean were probably worse than they were anywhere else in the world, with the possible exception of slaves in Portuguese Brazil. Slaves in the Caribbean worked on extremely labor-intensive sugar plantations and were considered as expendable labor due to the ready and continuous supply of new slaves arriving from Africa.
Mercantilism was the prevailing economic theory in Europe during __________ .
Possible Answers:the first era of European colonialism
the era of Feudalism
the age of European imperialism
the Enlightenment era
the twentieth century
Correct answer:the first era of European colonialism
Explanation :Mercantilism was the prevailing economic theory in Europe during the first few centuries of European colonialism, before it was replaced in the eighteenth century by free market capitalism. Mercantilism involves strict government control over the economy and proposes that the government regulate large-scale economic ventures for the purposes of enhancing state power. It also involves the establishment of colonies for the purpose of extracting raw resources (particularly gold and silver), which can be used to directly enrich the metropole. Mercantilism, by its very nature, is competitive and led to many wars between competing European powers.
Which of these most accurately describes the Repartimiento System?
Possible Answers:A system in which the native population was enslaved and forced to work on plantations year-round in the Portuguese colonial empire
A system in which the native population was forced to work, for several months of the year, in slave-like conditions in the Portuguese colonial empire
None of these answers accurately describes the Repartimiento System
A system in which the native population was forced to work, for several months of the year, in slave-like conditions in the Spanish colonial empire
A system in which the native population was enslaved and forced to work on plantations year-round in the Spanish colonial empire
Correct answer:A system in which the native population was forced to work, for several months of the year, in slave-like conditions in the Spanish colonial empire
Explanation :The Repartimiento System was employed in many parts of Spanish colonial America after the abuses of the Encomienda System had been brought to light. The Repartimiento System differed in that the natives were no longer enslaved, but instead were forced to work for several months of the year in slave-like conditions.
Which of these best describes the nature of Shoguns and Daimyos in Japanese feudal society?
Possible Answers:Shoguns were soldiers in the emperor’s army; Daimyos were independent powerful military rulers
Daimyos were soldiers in the emperor’s army; Shoguns were independent powerful military rulers
Shoguns were powerful military rulers; Daimyos were hereditary landowners
Daimyos were powerful military rulers; Shoguns were hereditary landowners
Daimyos were members of the government bureaucracy; Shoguns were hereditary landowners
Correct answer:Shoguns were powerful military rulers; Daimyos were hereditary landowners
Explanation :Shoguns and Daimyos were the two ruling groups in Japanese feudal society. Shoguns were powerful military rulers, best understood as warrior-kings. Daimyos were wealthy, hereditary landowners. At various times in Japanese history these two groups worked together, fought against one another and fought amongst themselves for control of Japanese society.
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University of Guilan,, Bachelor of Science, Biological/Biosystems Engineering. University of Tehran, Master of Science, Anima.
Goddard College, Bachelor in Arts, English Composition. Goddard College, Master of Arts, Writing, General.
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